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Predictors of Caregiver Unawareness and Nontreatment of Dementia Among Residents of Assisted Living Facilities: The Maryland Assisted Living Study

From the Division of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (DTM, CUO, J-MES, LSM, QMS, PVR, CGL, AR), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Copper Ridge Institute (CUO, JB, PVR, CGL, AR); the Division of Medical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (JB), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; and the Department of Mental Health (J-MES), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

Objective: Assisted living (AL) is a rapidly expanding residential option for the senior population. With increased utilization, it becomes important to understand the detection and treatment of dementia in this setting, but little is known. The objective of this study was to identify and evaluate factors associated with caregiver unawareness of dementia and failure to treat dementia in AL.

Methods: The setting was a cross-sectional study of a random sample of AL facilities in central Maryland (The Maryland Assisted Living Study). Geriatric psychiatrists evaluated 198 participants and assigned dementia diagnoses to 134 residents (67.7%). The extent to which dementia was recognized and treated in these facilities was estimated on the basis of caregiver interview and chart review data. Using logistic regression models, demographic, cognitive, and functional measures were evaluated as predictors of caregiver unawareness and nontreatment of dementia.

Results: Severity of cognitive and functional impairment, number of neuropsychiatric symptoms, and male gender were all independent predictors of caregiver unawareness of dementia. Family and caregiver unawareness of dementia and female gender were predictors of failure to treat dementia. Detection and treatment were not associated with race, age, or overall medical health.

Conclusions: Caregivers were more likely to be unaware of dementia in residents who did not have severe cognitive impairment or obvious behavioral and functional problems. Caregiver and family unawareness were in turn associated with nontreatment. Observed gender differences in detection and treatment will require replication and further study. These observations suggest that systematic educational interventions for caregivers and families may improve detection and hence treatment in the AL setting.

Key Words: Dementia awareness • treatment • assisted living

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