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Biomarkers in Psychiatry

Methodological Issues

Received February 11, 2002; revised July 2, 2002; accepted July 9, 2002. From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305 (HCK), the University of Iowa College of Medicine (SKS), and the Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, and Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa (SA). Address correspondence to Dr. Kraemer, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, MC 5717, Stanford, CA 94305. e-mail: HCK{at}stanford.edu

Particularly in psychiatry, biological measures are increasingly sought to detect exposure to toxic agents, to assist in early identification of illness, and to enhance diagnostic certainty, provide prognostic information, and permit the mapping of outcome in a variety of disorders. The authors explore the fundamental criteria necessary to designate a biological measure as a "biomarker" and discuss the potential applications, limitations, and hazards of such markers. Authors discuss methods for establishing the validity of a biomarker. Finally, they convey a word of caution about overinterpreting the clinical or scientific value of any biological measure.

Key Words: Research Techniques • Genetics • Biomarkers

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